Recommendations and Focus Areas for the Improvement of Building Code of Pakistan (BCP-2007 with Seismic Provisions)
NUST institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H – 12, Islamabad, Pakistan
References
ACI Committee 318 (2019) Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-08) and commentary. American Concrete Institute.
Ali M (2011) Seismic Hazard Analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Anderson JG (1979) Estimating the seismicity from geological structure for seismic-risk studies. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 69:135-158 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(79)90309-7.
Anderson JG, Luco JE (1983) Consequences of slip rate constraints on earthquake occurrence relations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73:471-496.
Apel ET, Bürgmann R, Banerjee P (2006) Geodetically Constraining Indian Plate motion and Implications for Plate Boundary Deformation. Berkeley Seismological Laboratory Annual Reports.
Arnaud NO, Brunel M, Cantagrel JM, Tapponnier P (1993) High cooling and denudation rates at Kongur Shan, Eastern Pamir (Xinjiang, China) revealed by 40Ar/39Ar alkali feldspar thermochronology. Tectonics 12:1335-1346 doi:10.1029/93tc00767.
Arya AS, Boen T, and Ishiyama, Y (2014) Guidelines for earthquake resistant non-engineered construction: UNESCO.
Bachman RE, and Bonneville DR (2000) The seismic provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code, Earthquake spectra 16: 85-100.
Bangash M (2011) Earthquake resistant buildings: dynamic analyses, numerical computations, codified methods, case studies and examples. Springer Science & Business Media, Germany.
Bannert D, Raza HA (1992) The segmentation of the indo-Pakistan Plate. Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research 4:5-18.
Bilham R, Lodi S, Hough S, Bukhary S, Khan AM, Rafeeqi S (2007) Seismic hazard in Karachi, Pakistan: uncertain past, uncertain future. Seismological research letters 78:601-613.
Bird P (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries. doi:10.1029/2001gc000252.
Bonowitz D Engineering for Resilient Communities. In: Proceedings of Fourth Iran-U.S. Joint Seismic Workshop, Tehran, 2012. Urban Earthquake Engineering, Sharif University of Technology.
Byrne DE, Sykes LR, Davis DM (1992) Great thrust earthquakes and aseismic slip along the plate boundary of the Makran subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 97:449-478 doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/91jb02165.
Chen Z et al. (2000) Global Positioning System measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 105:16215-16227, doi:10.1029/2000jb900092.
Cobeen KE, Russell J, and Dolan JD (2004) Recommendations for earthquake resistance in the design and construction of woodframe buildings: Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering.
Cornell CA (1968) Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bulletin of the seismological society of America 58:1583-1606.
Danciu L et al. (2018) The 2014 Earthquake Model of the Middle East: seismogenic sources. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 16:3465-3496 doi:10.1007/s10518-017-0096-8.
Durrani AJ, Elnashai, A. S., Hashash, Y. M. A., Kim, S. J., Masud, A. (2005) The Kashmir Earthquake of October 08, 2005.
ERRA (2007) Compliance Catalogue Guidelines for the Construction of Compliant Rural Houses. Online access at http://www.erra.pk.
Farhoudi G, Karig D (1977) Makran of Iran and Pakistan as an active arc system. Geology 5:664-668, DOI:10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5-664.
FEMA 356 (2000) commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings (FEMA356), Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency 7.
Frankel A (1995) Mapping seismic hazard in the central and eastern United States. Seismological Research Letters 66:8-21 doi:https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.4.8.
GEM (2019) GEM Global Active Faults. https://blogs.openquake.org/hazard/global-active-fault-viewer/. Accessed 15th July 2019.
Giardini D (1999) The global seismic hazard assessment program (GSHAP)-1992/1999. Annals of Geophysics.
Giardini D, Basham P (1993) Technical guidelines for global seismic hazard assessment. Annals of Geophysics 36 doi:10.4401/ag-4257.
Giardini D, Grünthal G, Shedlock KM, Zhang P (1999) The GSHAP global seismic hazard map. Annals of Geophysics.
Gilani (2013) Personal interview by David Bonowitz. UET Peshawar.
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1944) Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bulletin of the Seismological society of America 34:185-188.
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1956) Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration: (Second paper). Bulletin of the seismological society of America 46:105-145.
ISC (2019) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/catalogue/. Accessed 15th April 2019.
Jade S (2004) Estimates of plate velocity and crustal deformation in the Indian subcontinent using GPS geodesy Current Science-Bangalore: 1443-1448.
Kazmi AH, Jan MQ (1997) Geology and tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic publishers.
Kazmi AH, Rana R (1982) Tectonic map of Pakistan: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources. Geological Survey of Pakistan.
Khan MA et al. (2008) Preliminary geodetic constraints on plate boundary deformation on the western edge of the Indian plate from TriGGnet (Tri-University GPS Geodesy Network). J Himal Earth Sci 41:71-87.
Khan S, Waseem M, Khan MA, Ahmed W (2018) Updated earthquake catalogue for seismic hazard analysis in Pakistan. Journal of Seismology 22:841-861 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-018-9736-y.
Lapajne J, Motnikar BS, Zupancic P (2003) Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment methodology for distributed seismicity. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93:2502-2515.
Lapajne JK, Motnikar BS, Zabukovec B, Zupancic P (1997) Spatially smoothed seismicity modeling of seismic hazard in Slovenia. Journal of seismology 1:73-85.
Lodi S (2013) Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Buildings in Pakistan. February 11. Draft submittal of Work Package 4 to Earthquake Model for Middle East Region, provided by Dr. Lodi but without named authors.
McClusky S, Reilinger R, Mahmoud S, Ben Sari D, Tealeb A (2003) GPS constraints on Africa (Nubia) and Arabia plate motions. Geophysical Journal International 155:126-138 doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.02023.x.
McGuire RK (1976) FORTRAN computer program for seismic risk analysis. US Geological Survey. DOI: 10.3133/ofr7667.
McGuire RK (1978) FRISK: computer program for seismic risk analysis using faults as earthquake sources. US Geological Survey.
Molnar P, Tapponnier P (1977) Relation of the tectonics of eastern China to the India-Eurasia collision: Application of slip-line field theory to large-scale continental tectonics. Geology 5:212-216.
Musson R (2009) Subduction in the Western Makran: the historian’s contribution. Journal of the Geological Society 166:387-391 doi:https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-119.
Negredo AM, Replumaz A, Villaseñor A, Guillot S (2007) Modeling the evolution of continental subduction processes in the Pamir–Hindu Kush region. Earth Planetary Science Letters 259:212-225 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.043.
NESPAK (2007) Building code of Pakistan – seismic hazard evaluation studies. Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan.
Ornthammarath T, Warnitchai P, Worakanchana K, Zaman S, Sigbjörnsson R, Lai CG (2011) Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Thailand. Bulletin of earthquake engineering 9:367-394 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-010-9197-3.
PBC (1986) Building Code of Pakistan. Ministry of Housing & Works, Government of Pakistan.
PBC (2007) Buliding code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision- 2007. Ministry of housing and works, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Perry M, Kakar N, Ischuk A, Metzger S, Bendick R, Molnar P, Mohadjer S (2019) Little Geodetic Evidence for Localized Indian Subduction in the Pamir‐Hindu Kush of Central Asia. Geophysical Research Letters 46:109-118 doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080065.
Petersen MD et al. (2008) Documentation for the 2008 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps. Geological Survey US. doi:https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081128.
Petersen MD et al. (2015) The 2014 United States national seismic hazard model. Earthquake Spectra, 31:S1-S30.
PMD, NORSAR (2007) Seismic hazard analysis and zonation of Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan Meteorological Department .
Qadeer S (2013) Personal interview by David Bonowitz, S.E. at NESPAK, Lahore, February 26.
Quittmeyer R, Jacob K (1979) Historical and modern seismicity of Pakistan, Afghanistan, northwestern India, and southeastern Iran. Bulletin of the seismological society of America 69:773-823.
Quittmeyer RC, Farah A, Jacob KH (1979) The seismicity of Pakistan and its relation to surface faults. Geodynamics of Pakistan, 271-284.
Rafi Z, Lindholm C, Bungum H, Laghari A, Ahmed N (2012) Probabilistic seismic hazard of Pakistan, Azad-Jammu and Kashmir. Natural hazards 61:1317-1354 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9984-4.
Rahman A (2020) The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) of Pakistan, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan.
Rasheed A (2019) The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of Paksitan using Area source model. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan.
Regard V et al. (2010) The transition between Makran subduction and the Zagros collision: recent advances in its structure and active deformation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 330:43-64 doi:https://doi.org/10.1144/sp330.4.
Rossetto T, Peiris N (2009) Observations of damage due to the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 and study of current seismic provisions for buildings in Pakistan. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 7:681-699.
Searle, Mike (2013) Colliding continents: a geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. Oxford University Press, UK.
Seeber L, Armbruster JG, Quittmeyer RC (1981) Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan arc. Zagros Hindu Kush Himalaya Geodynamic Evolution 3:215-242 doi:DOI: 10.1029/gd003p0215.
Sella GF, Dixon TH, Mao A (2002) REVEL: A model for Recent plate velocities from space geodesy 107:ETG 11-11-ETG 11-30 doi:10.1029/2000jb000033.
Şeşetyan K et al. (2018) The 2014 seismic hazard model of the Middle East: overview and results. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16:3535-3566 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0346-4.
Shabbir MJ, Ilyas M Development and adoption of building code of Pakistan. In: Proceedings of CBM-CI International Workshop, Karachi, Pakistan, 2007. pp 535-549.
Shearman D, Walker G, Booth B, Falcon N (1976) The geological evolution of southern Iran: the report of the Iranian Makran expedition. Geographical Journal:393-410 doi:DOI: 10.2307/1795293.
Stirling MW, Wesnousky SG, Shimazaki K (1996) Fault trace complexity, cumulative slip, and the shape of the magnitude-frequency distribution for strike-slip faults: a global survey. Geophysical Journal International 124:833-868 doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05641.x.
Stoneley R (1974) Evolution of the continental margins bounding a former southern Tethys. In: The geology of continental margins. Springer, pp 889-903. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01141-6_65.
Symans MD (2002) Evaluation of fluid dampers for seismic energy dissipation of wood frame structures: CUREE.
UBC (1997) Uniform Building Code International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, California.
USGS (2019) https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/. Accessed 10 April 2019.
Utsu T (2002) A list of deadly earthquakes in the world: 1500–2000. In: International Geophysics, vol 81. Elsevier, pp 691-cp691. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0074-6142(02)80245-5.
Vernant P et al. (2004) Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman Geophysical Journal International 157:381-398 doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02222.x. J. Geophysical Journal International.
Youngs RR, Coppersmith KJ (1985) Implications of fault slip rates and earthquake recurrence models to probabilistic seismic hazard estimates. Bulletin of the Seismological society of America 75:939-964.
Zaman S (2016) Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment and Site-Amplification Mapping for Pakistan. Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.
Zare M et al. (2014) Recent developments of the Middle East catalog. Journal of Seismology 18:749-772 doi:10.1007/s10950-014-9444-1.
Zarifi Z, Raeesi M Heterogeneous coupling along Makran subduction zone. In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010.
Zhang P, Yang Z, Gupta HK, Bhatia SC, Shedlock KM (1999) Global seismic hazard assessment program (GSHAP) in continental Asia.
Recent Posts
Some of our recent posts are shown below.
Going beyond the Code !!!
By fawadnajam|2015-05-21T09:10:00+00:00May 21st, 2015|Structural Engineering|0 Comments
In the aftermath of Nepal Earthquake – The Dilemma of a Structural Engineer
By fawadnajam|2015-04-28T06:42:00+00:00April 28th, 2015|Structural Engineering|0 Comments